5^th International Conference on Spine and Spinal Disorders April 22-23, 2019 Rome, Italy
Holiday Inn Rome Aurelia

Spinal cord disorders involve injuries, infections, a stopped blood supply, and compression by a fractured bone or a Tumor. Habitually, muscles are weak or paralyzed, sensation is abnormal or lost, and controlling bladder and bowel function may be difficult. Doctors does the diagnosis based on symptoms and results of a physical examination and imaging tests, such as magnetic resonance imaging. Spinal cord disorder is rectified upon conditions if possible. Usually, rehabilitation is needed to recover as much function as possible. The spinal cord is the main pathway of transmission between the brain and the rest of the body. The cord is secured by the vertebrae of the spine. The vertebrae are separated and protected by disks made of cartilage.

A spinal cord injury is damage to the spinal cord due to which loss of muscle function, sensation occurs. Is medically complex and life-threatening condition where global incidence is about 40 to 80 cases per million population and every year around the world 250000 to 500000 people suffers from Spinal Cord Injury. There are distinct types of spinal cord injuries like incomplete spinal cord injury-cord is partially severed, Complete spinal cord injury-cord is fully severed. Spinal cord injury is usually caused due to the act of violence, alcoholism, sports and recreation injuries. It includes tetraplegia, paraplegia, nerve pain, pneumonia, chronic pain.

A spine fracture or dislocation of the vertebra which can cause bone fragments to pinch compress and damage the spinal nerves and spinal cord. Most common type of spine fracture is the vertebral body compression fracture and recognised as indication of osteoporosis. There are distinct types of VCF’s-Wedge fracture, crush fracture, burst fracture usually occurs from mid to lower portion of the spine. Spine fractures leads to the complications like Bowel obstruction, Deep venous thrombosis, kyphosis and loss of weight and so on. Spine fractures can be diagnosed by CT, Plain-Roentgenography, MRI.

Spine infection is caused by the bacteria, virus, fungus or infections can occur after the surgery and infection occurs 1to 4 percent of surgical cases. Spine infection is usually caused by the bacteria and spread to the blood stream into vertebral discs and affect this area causing discitis, the disc space degenerates as the infection progresses. Poor immune system of patients makes susceptible to the spine infection. Diagnosis is done by imaging tools with advanced technology.20 percent of people die by spine infection despite of treatment advances every year.

Spinal implants market has been classified as swiftly developing market and it is expected that the market will reach preeminent pinnacle in the coming future. Surgeons during the surgery use devices like Spinal implants for treating deformities, stabilizing and providing strength to the spine and to promote the fusion process. Disorders like degenerative disc disease, scoliosis, kyphosis, fracture, and spondyloses can be treated by using Spinal implants. The bone density decreases as the age increases leads to the back-bone defects and the chronic back complications in the old age people. This raises the possibility to damage the spinal cord. Recently there have been amazing alteration in the implantable devices; the use of the implants in the spinal and orthopaedic surgeries has elevated. The advancements in the spinal implantable devices has found wider acceptance across the globe and large population is willing to spend on the spinal surgeries involving the use of implants. The demand for the surgical procedures has strengthen due to the benefits grant by it, such as less blood loss, reduced recovery time, reduced risk of medical complication, infections, pain and muscle damage. The high acceptance rate of the minimally interfering spinal surgeries has boosted the market for spinal implants.

Spine surgery is done not all the time; but when condition worsens and turns fatal. Spine surgery helps in restoring the spinal disorders like deformities, trauma, scoliosis, degenerative discs, spina stenosis. Global market for the spinal surgery equipment’s is estimated to be USD 13 billion in 2017 and expected to reach USD 16.6 billion by 2021.North America contributes larger share of market in surgical devices followed by Europe. Distinct surgical procedures are used to treat the spine disorders like Endoscopic surgery, Discectomy, laser surgery, Kyphoplasty, electrothermal therapy and spinal fusion. The market of spine surgery device in Europe is estimated to meet about $2993.6 million by 2019 therefore CAGR is about 7.3%, will be more in 2019.

Spinal therapy is done in the case of patients sustained with spine injury. Spine therapy includes the physical therapy, decompression therapy, Minimally invasive therapy. Partial restorative therapies are available for the spinal cord injury, rehabilitative, cellular and molecular are been tested. Combination of therapies are used to treat the spine injury to get the positive results.

Spinal stenosis is the narrowing of the bone channel occupied by the spinal nerves. It is usually caused in the older people. Distinct types of stenosis are lumbar stenosis, cervical stenosis. About 30.4 percent of Japanese people are affected by stenosis. Causes involves arthritis, trauma, tumours, instability of spine. MRI, CT scan, Red flag are the diagnosis methods of spinal stenosis.

Orthopedicians works on Osteopathic Medicine and it is a medical specialty that target on the body's musculoskeletal system, that comprise of bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. Orthopaedist who develops oneself in the analysis and prescription of spinal diseases and conditions. Ortho spine surgeons provide non-operative and surgical treatment to patients of all ages, even supposing some focus on treating children (Pediatric) or adults.  Some of the spinal complications such as scoliosis, degenerative disorders, or a region of the spine (cervical/neck, lumbar/low back) can be evaluated by few of the Orthopedics surgeons. Neuro spine, or neurological surgery, is the medical specialty bothered with the avoidance, interpretation, surgical treatment, and reclamation of disorders which influence any fragment of the nervous system along with the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.

Spinal fusion is the major spine surgery in the Spine injury. Pelvic bone is used to bridge between the vertebrae next to each other, It is mainly done when there is narrowing of the spinal canal or cord or nerves and used to treat fracture, spinal stenosis. Risks involves graft rejection, nerve injury, blood clots, pulmonary embolism, infections.60 to 70 percent of patient’s pain is improved after spinal fusion and 80 percent of patients are satisfied by the spine fusion surgery.

Lumbar spine composed of 5 vertebral bones and the lower back of the spine is called as lumbar spine. The lower vertebral column is protected by the coccyx and the sacrum. The analysis of potential fatal conditions and for the many therapeutic purposes lumbar puncture is done to procure the cerebrospinal fluid, medical procedure for the diagnosis. About 32% of patients carries severe morbidity and experiences the headache prior to the lumbar puncture. Ultrasound lumbar puncture is most helpful to obsess patients with spinal disorders. Lumbar puncture market is expanding day by day, the market players are Beckton-Dickinson Company, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Affymetrix Inc, Ortho-clinical Diagnostics, Inc., Gen-probe, Inc., Beckman coulter Inc., Diamedix corporation, Novartis Diagnostics, Hologic, Inc., Abbott Laboratories, Inc.

Spinal deformity is any abnormality in the alignment or the shape of the vertebral column i.e. a curvy spine. Normal spine has gentle curvature, when the curvature is exaggerated they are considered as deformities. The common signs of spinal deformities are uneven shoulders, uneven hips, a protruding shoulder blade, misalignment of the head over the midline of the body and fatigue. These conditions arise for the reasons, including inborn deformities, age related degeneration, sickness processes, alternative conditions, or idiopathic causes. It can be diagnosed by the Adam’s forward bend test.Spinal deformity refers to abnormal curvature or misalignment of the spine, which can occur in various forms and have different causes. The spine normally has gentle curves when viewed from the side (lordosis in the cervical and lumbar regions, kyphosis in the thoracic region) and should appear straight when viewed from the front or back. However, spinal deformities can disrupt these natural curves, resulting in conditions such as scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis. Scoliosis is characterized by a sideways curvature of the spine, which may resemble an "S" or "C" shape when viewed on X-rays. It can develop during childhood or adolescence (adolescent idiopathic scoliosis) or be present at birth (congenital scoliosis). Other types include neuromuscular scoliosis, which occurs due to conditions such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy, and degenerative scoliosis, which develops in adults due to wear and tear on the spine.

Kyphosis refers to an exaggerated forward rounding of the upper back, leading to a hunched posture. It can result from poor posture, degenerative changes in the spine, compression fractures due to osteoporosis, or congenital abnormalities. Lordosis, on the other hand, is an exaggerated inward curvature of the lower back, causing the buttocks to protrude. It can occur due to obesity, pregnancy, poor posture, or conditions such as spondylolisthesis.

Nonsurgical treatment: Spine injection, recommended for treatment of chronic back pain. Injection of medicinal agents relieves the pain where the nerve signals are blocked between targeted areas of the body and the brain. The treatment approach involves injections of local anaesthetics, steroids, or narcotics into the affected soft tissues, joints, or nerve roots. It includes complex nerve blocks and spinal cord stimulation. Can be used in two different ways as diagnostics and therapeutics. Delivers the steroids directly to the dura space in the spine. This is successful in relieving the lower back pain about 50% of patients.

Spinal manipulation is also known as spinal manipulative therapy or manual therapy, it is an intervention execute on spinal articulations that are synovial joints, and that is claiming to be remedial. It creates relieve pressure on joints, reduce inflammation, and improve nerve function. It is generally used to treat back, neck, shoulder, and headache pain. Chiropractors use it to treat much other disease, such as menstrual pain and sinus problems. The z-joints, atlanto axial, atlanto-occipital, lumbosacral, sacroiliac costotransverse and costovertebral joints include Spinal manipulative therapy and are susceptible to the Articulations. In North America, chiropractors and osteopathic physicians, and physical and occupational therapists usually perform spinal manipulation.

Osteoporosis is nothing, but the spine fractures it will make your bones weak, thinning of the bone sometimes they may crack or break, even the bones of your spine. Spine fractures, also known as vertebral compression fractures, comprising of severe back pain that makes it hard to stand, walk, sit, or lift objects. Keeping your bones as strong as possible can prevent the osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is of two types Type I osteoporosis: Postmenopausal osteoporosis this is far more common in women than in men, and typically develops between the ages of 50 and 70. This process leads to an increase in the resorption of bone (the bones loses substance).  Consistently results in a reduction in the amount of trabecular bone (the spongy bone inside of the hard-cortical bone). If the bone strength decreases overall it may lead primarily to wrist and vertebral body (in the spine) fractures. Type II osteoporosis: Senile osteoporosis often happens after the age of 70. Also involves a thinning of both the trabecular bone (the spongy bone inside of the hard-cortical bone) and the hard-cortical bone. It may regularly lead to hip and vertebral body fractures.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has been investigated a hopeless condition and it often causes disastrous sequelae resulting from trauma (e.g. a car crash) or from disease. Reducing secondary damage is the key to its treatment. Distinct investigations and clinical trials have been implemented and some of them showed auspicious results; however, there is still no gold standard treatment with sufficient evidence. There is no predictable estimation of global popularity, but predicted annual global incidence is 40 to 80 cases per million populations. Up to 90% of these cases are due to traumatic causes. Around 250 000 and 500 000 people suffer with spinal cord injury (SCI) every year. People with SCI more likely to die prematurely than the people without a SCI, with worse survival rates in low-income and middle-income countries. The immediate side effect for the dominant part of spinal issue is persecution. Spine is very mind-boggling structure with various capacities. Ordinary maturing process prompts changes in vertebrae, tendons and intervertebral circles.

Spinal cord injury (CSI) patient immobilized and every precaution should be taken while transporting as the risk of secondary injury is high. Spinal cord injury (CSI) patient will have health problems consequently the main ambition in administering them is to prevent further injuries to the spinal cord, maintain physiological stability and initiating care of the skin, establishing good bladder and bowel care. The main goal of rehabilitation is to prevent obstacle and reintegration into the community. It is a multidisciplinary approach. Nursing management of patient with spinal cord injury can be summarized in: Provide airway and ventilator support in patients with high tetraplegia early, prevent acute respiratory failure, prevent and treat hypotension, Recognize and treat neurogenic shock, prevent pressure ulcer using biofilm, Prevent further injuries to the spinal cord.